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Dolphins Suffering From Lung Disease Due to Gulf Oil Spill, Study Says

Posted date: 9:33 AM / comment : 0 ,

Study Finds Strong Connection Between Deepwater Horizon Spill and Dolphin Deaths

A dolphin swims by as workers collect tar balls deposited on a beach in Grand Isle, La., following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon accident.
Dolphins in an area hard hit by the Gulf of Mexico oil spill in 2010 are suffering from lung diseases and other abnormalities that are consistent with toxic exposure to oil, according to a study backed by the federal government and released on Wednesday.
The peer-reviewed paper, which was disputed by BP BP.LN +1.65% PLC, was published in the journal Environmental Science & Technology. The paper makes the strongest connection to date between the BP spill and dolphin deaths, which jumped in the Gulf of Mexico after the spill.
"It is related to oil," said Lori Schwacke, the study's lead author and a wildlife epidemiologist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "The weight of evidence is there."
BP, which paid for the study, disputes that it shows a clear link between the spill and dolphin illnesses. NOAA "still hasn't provided BP with any data demonstrating that the alleged poor health of any dolphins was caused by oil exposure," said BP spokesman Jason Ryan in an email.
The study was released the same morning a federal jury in New Orleans convicted an engineer who worked for BP in 2010 of destroying evidence about the oil spill. Prosecutors argued that the engineer, Kurt Mix, deleted hundreds of text messages to try to hide evidence that the company knew more oil was leaking than it had revealed publicly.
Mr. Mix was found guilty of one count of obstruction of justice but acquitted on a second count. The count carries a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison and a $250,000 fine, but his lawyer said he would appeal.
For the dolphin study, scientists caught, examined and released about 30 bottlenose dolphins in Barataria Bay, La., in 2011. Moderate to severe lung diseases associated with oil contamination were prevalent among many of the dolphins, and almost half had "a guarded or worse prognosis, and 17% were considered poor or grave, indicating they weren't expected to live," according to the study. Dolphins in the area likely will have more difficulty reproducing, the study found.
The scientists also looked at dolphins in Sarasota Bay, Fla., as a control, because that area wasn't hurt by the oil spill. The study didn't find elevated lung diseases in that population.
"Finally, we get the truth," said Casi Callaway, executive director of Mobile Baykeeper, an environmental group on Alabama's coast. "Having this information gets us started on the path toward a solution, toward fixing what has been broken for 3½ years."
If top ocean predators like dolphins are suffering, scientists must learn how the spill has affected other animals, including "smaller sea creatures, and larger life, even humans," she said.
BP said the study failed to make a connection between the spill and sick dolphins. "The symptoms that NOAA has observed in this study have been seen in other dolphin mortality events that have been related to contaminants and conditions found in the northern Gulf, such as PCBs, DDT and pesticides, unusual cold stun events, and toxins from harmful algal blooms," Mr. Ryan said in his email.
In April 2010, an explosion erupted on the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig about 40 miles off the Louisiana coast, after a blowout of the BP-owned well 5,000 feet below the ocean surface. Over 87 days, oil slicks spread across open water and fouled more than 1,000 miles of coastline. About 4.2 million barrels of oil spilled into the Gulf, according to official estimates, although BP argues it was closer to 2.45 million barrels. It was the worst offshore oil spill in U.S. history.
The dolphin study was done as part of a process led by NOAA called a Natural Resource Damage Assessment. If studies find a link between the spill and any damage, BP would be expected to pay compensation, though the company can appeal findings in court.
Though BP paid for the study, it wasn't involved in the analysis.

Wastewater Microbes Fuel New Type of Battery

Posted date: 10:41 AM / comment : 0 , , , ,

Microbial battery with annotation
A team at Stanford University is working on new system that could eventually power wastewater treatment plants via the energy generated by microbes breaking down organics.

October 22, 2013—Researchers at Stanford University have developed a microbial battery system that harnesses the electrons created by microorganisms digesting organic material in wastewater to create electricity. The team is optimistic that this development will eventually lead to wastewater treatment plants that are energy self-sufficient. 

Approximately three percent of all electricity consumed in developed countries goes to the treatment of wastewater. However, the organic material in the wastewater is sufficient to generate three to four times that amount of energy, according to the results of this research, which were published recently in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The paper, “Microbial Battery for Efficient Energy Recovery,” was written by Yi Cui, Ph.D., an associate professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Stanford. The research was designed by Cui, Craig Criddle, Ph.D., a professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Xing Xie, an interdisciplinary fellow. 

Their work builds on the concept of microbial fuel cells, which have been under development for decades but are limited by the energy losses inherent in the biological and chemical processes that are used in such cells. Microbial fuel cells also tend to generate methane gas, a health hazard. But Cui says that the microbial battery has vastly superior efficiency. “Using this microbial battery to replace microbial fuel cells, we can increase energy efficiency by 5 to 10 times,” Cui says. “The efficiency can go up in the range of 30 percent.” 

To make the battery, researchers introduced a microbial anode and a silver oxide/silver cathode into a container of wastewater, the two connected by an external circuit. Microbes attached to the anode oxidize the organic material in the wastewater, releasing electrons that pass through a circuit to the cathode. The cathode is then removed and oxidized to retrieve the energy and recharge the system. 

“These microbes consume these organic carbon/hydrogen bonds and generate electrons,” Cui says. “They can use these electrons for synthesizing more organic molecules. So they can use this to grow or generate more microbes. Or—if you take out these electrons before they can use them—then you can let the electricity go out to do useful work.” 

That work could include powering wastewater treatment plants, Cui says. 

“In the wastewater treatment plant you need to consume the organics, anyway,” Cui says. “That’s a required step. Now this required step can turn into an energy-generation process to power the wastewater treatment plant. So that’s a good deal. It’s going to be self-sustained.” 

But before the technology can be tested in the field, the research team needs to answer a challenge. Creating a large-scale version of the microbial battery they have tested would require a prohibitively expensive amount of silver oxide/silver. 

“Using silver is expensive. For the large-scale deployment, that will be hard. In our labs, we are now developing a new electrode material to replace silver/silver oxide. We have some really promising candidates right now,” Cui says. Early indications are they have found a replacement that “costs virtually nothing.” 

If further testing bears out the suitability of this replacement material, Cui says the next step is a pilot scale demonstration of the battery at a wastewater treatment plant. This could happen within two years if things go well. 

“We would like to do our own field study and see what potential issues this might have,” Cui says. “After getting some of that understanding, we are going to move forward.” 

Although their research has focused on wastewater because it is a plentiful source of organic fuel for a microbial battery, Cui says that deep-water environments—oceans and lakes—also have vast stores of organic material. Additionally, such solid wastes as the by-products from cheese and corn production could potentially be suspended in liquids as another source of energy for the microbial batteries.

Water Waste

Posted date: 9:19 AM / comment : 0 ,

Panda Poop Can Help Turn Plants Into Fuel

Posted date: 8:20 AM / comment : 0 , , ,

Panda Cub Eating Bamboo
The same organisms that make pandas effective at digesting bamboo may help turn plant waste into biofuels, according to researchers.

Brian Handwerk
Can panda poop help power the greener vehicles of tomorrow? It just might, scientists say, by yielding microbes that efficiently turn plant waste into biofuel—and the research just might help protect pandas at the same time. (See related quiz: "What You Don't Know About Biofuel.")
"We have discovered microbes in panda feces might actually be a solution to the search for sustainable new sources of energy," Mississippi State University biochemist Ashli Brown, who led the study, told attendees at a meeting of the American Chemical Society (ACS) Tuesday. "It's amazing that here we have an endangered species that's almost gone from the planet, yet there's still so much we have yet to learn from it. That underscores the importance of saving endangered and threatened animals."
Biofuels made from corn, soybeans, and other edible crops cause concerns over their potential impact on food supply and prices. Some even argue that such biofuels ultimately may produce even more carbon emissions than petroleum. (See related coverage: "Biofuels at a Crossroads.")
Waste plant material, such as corn cobs and discarded stalks, long has been eyed as a rich, renewable source of biofuel feedstock. But in order for cellulosic biofuel to truly go mainstream, it must be transformed into ethanol efficiently and economically. That's where panda stomachs could give producers a valuable head start. (Vote in poll: "Are Biofuels Worth the Investment?")
"These microbes may be very well suited to break down this biomass," said co-researcher Candace Williams, who originally developed the study several years ago while working on her Master's degree. "That's what they are doing in the gut of the panda with all of the bamboo the animal eats."
The Panda's Powerful Gut
Currently, plant waste biofuel processors must break down the tough composition of stalks or stems by cooking them with heat and/or pressure, or by treating them with substances like acids, to produce the simple sugars that they ferment into a final product—processes that can be difficult to scale economically.
Microbes could help make this process faster and cheaper, and the bacteria that dwell within pandas might be especially effective. After all, the tiny organisms can handle the 20 to 40 pounds of bamboo an adult panda eats each day. Pandas eat bamboo almost exclusively, munching for 12 hours out of every 24 each day.
Thanks to fecal contributions from Ya Ya and Le Le, giant pandas at Tennessee's Memphis Zoo, Brown and Williams have identified more than 40 different panda gut microbe species so far.
"We started out with the pandas because of their diet," Williams said. "They are really unique animals in that they are physiologically like a carnivore, but they eat a herbivorous diet. If you're studying these microorganisms that allow the panda to use this cellulose in bamboo for nutrition, you can see how they might be useful for investigating one of the main problems for biofuels—breaking down those lignocellulosic materials to produce sugars."
Pandas also have short digestive tracts for such large animals, and just a single stomach chamber, Williams added. (Cows, in comparison, use four different stomach regions to gradually remove the energy from grass.) "This means their bacteria have to be even more potent at breaking down the material quickly," she said, "making them very efficient and perhaps even more promising for biofuel production."
Pandas eat both the tough stalks and more tender leaves of the bamboo plant, and their many species of gut microbes wax and wane in number with these dietary changes, Williams said. In addition to producing sugars, some microbes in the lab were even able to accumulate lipids, which can produce the fatty acids needed for biofuel production.
Either the gut bacteria themselves, or the enzymes they use to do the work, possibly could be co-opted for cheaper, easier industrial biofuel production processes, the study's authors said. Yeasts, for example, could be genetically engineered to produce the beneficial enzymes and then grown on a large scale.
Fuel From Whisky, Fat, and Algae
Panda poop is just one promising avenue of research into how waste can be transformed more easily into greener energy.
Some projects are already producing fuel from plant waste materials. Earlier this year, Mississippi-based KiOR shipped what it says is the world's first commercial volume of cellulosic diesel fuel, made from pine wood chips. (See related story: "Beyond Ethanol: Drop-In Biofuels Squeeze Gasoline From Plants.") In August, Florida's Indian River BioEnergy Center also began shipping cellulosic ethanol (sourced from wastes, woodchips, cornstalks and grasses) at commercial scale. The plant's operator, INEOS Bio, said the facility will produce some eight million gallons of ethanol from yard clippings and wood scraps, using hybrid gasification-fermentation technology.
"Electrofuels" researchers are using microorganisms to produce biofuels in the lab without any plants at all by genetically engineering microorganisms to "poop out" chemicals that can burn right in the gas tank. The U.S. Department of Energy helps fund this and similar initiatives out of its Bioenergy Technologies Office.
Some scientists believe algae can help power the future. Animal fat is another potentially enormous resource: Dynamic Fuels, a joint venture between Tyson Foods and synthetic fuel producer Syntroleum Corporation, is turning it into energy that can be burned in the tank.
For the next phase of panda poop research, droppings from another pair of giant pandas, the Toronto Zoo's Er Shun and Da Mao, may soon be added to the microbe investigation.
Brown explained at her ACS presentation that charismatic and endangered pandas like them may benefit from the research as well as biofuel producers. Detailed analysis of their gut microbes could reveal better ways to keep them healthy, because most of the diseases that affect pandas occur in the gut, Brown said.
"Understanding the relationships between the microbes and the pandas, as well as how they get their energy and nutrition, is extremely important from a conservation standpoint," she said, "as fewer than 2,500 giant pandas are left in the wild, and only 200 are in captivity."
This story is part of a special series that explores energy issues. For more, visitThe Great Energy Challenge.

Environmental Engineering MCQs for Public Service Commission Exam/ All kind of Exams Part 8

Posted date: 8:13 PM / comment : 0

1.       Tires & Rubber waste comes under:


a) Yard waste            b) Metal waste             c) Organic waste           d) Paper waste

2.       White Goods waste comes under:

a) Yard waste            b) Metal waste             c) Organic waste           d) Paper waste
                                                                   
       3)   Sewerage sludge comes under:

a) Organic waste category                                    b)Special waste category                                               c)  Yard waste category                                           d) Plastic category

4)  In Rawalpindi, generation of solid waste in 2002 is:
a)  0.65 kg/c/day                       b) 0.75 kg/c/day                                                
c) 0.85 kg/c/day                                        d)  0.95 kg/c/day

5) _________  are used to reduce to desirable sizes for treatment of composting etc.

a) Shredders                                                 b)  separators                                
 c) scrappers                                                  d) both (a) and (b)

6)  Density of Solid Waste varies with:
a) length of time                         b) location                          
c) season                                    d) all of the above

7) Field capacity of un-compacted commingled wastes from residential & commercial sources is about:

a) 20-30%.      b)  30-40%.                      
 c)  40-50%.     d)  50-60%.

8) Typical fusion temp ranges from:


a) 1000-1200F                               b) 2000-2200F                                                
  c) 3000-3200F                              d) 4000-4200F 

9) Almost all organic fraction of MSW can be converted biologically to:

a) solids                           b) liquids                                             c) plasma                              d) gases

10 ) According to mode of operation, the collection system  classified into _______ categories:

a) two                              b) three                                           
 c) four                           d) five
11) There are _______ main types of Haul Container Systems:
a) two                              b) three                                           
 c) four                           d) five


12) Mesophilic Temperature ranges from:

a)    25 o to 35o C              b)      35 oto 45o C                                       
  c)    45 oto 55o C            d)        55 o to 65o C        

13) Psychrophilic Temperature ranges from:

a)    15 o to 20o C                    b) 25 o to 30o C                                      
  c)    35 oto 40o C            d)  45 o to 50o C   

14) Thermophilic Temperature ranges from:           

a) 20 o to 30o C                               b) 30 o to 40o C                                               
  c) 40 o to 50o C                           d) 50 o to 60o C

15) At the ideal moisture level, Optimum oxygen levels are:

a)  15 to 20 per cent                                   b) 25 to 30 per cent                                      ‘
 c) 35 to 40 per cent                    d) 45 to 50 per cent

16) Optimum C/N ratio is:

a) 20                                 b) 30                     c) 40                        d) 50

2. Materials that are a good source of nitrogen are called:

a) Blue                                             b) White                             c) Green                               d) Red

17)  Materials that are high in carbon are called:

a) Brown                                         b) Yellow                            c) Blue                                   d) White

18) Psychrophiles are:

a)    low temperature bacteria                              b) medium temperature bacteria
c) high temperature bacteria                              d) none of the above

19) Mesophiles are;

a)    low temperature bacteria                               b) medium temperature bacteria
c) high temperature bacteria                              d) none of the above

20) Thermophiles are:
a)    low temperature bacteria                               b) medium temperature bacteria
c) high temperature bacteria                             d) none of the above

21) Copper is:
a) Light metal                                b) Heavy metal                                                c) toxic metal                      d) non metal
       21) About _______ of the Earth’s land surfaces (excluding Antarctica) are covered with forest and woodland:

a) 30%                              b) 35%                                              
  c) 40%                         d) 45%
22) The original forest cover of the Earth approached ________ of land area.


a) 20%                              b) 30%                                              
 c) 40%                           d) 50%

•    23) ____________ is a forest harvest technique in which all trees in a particular area are cut, regardless of species or size.


a) Shelter-wood Cutting            b) Selective Cutting
c) Clear-cutting                           d) Biomass harvesting

24. __________ are fires that burn within the organic matter and litter of the soil

a) Ground fires                            b) Surface fires                                c) Crown fires                     d) Plank fire
25) The most comprehensive piece of legislation regulating protection of all species of flora and fauna is the Endangered Species Act (ESA), passed in .


a) 1965                                             b) 1968                                                c) 1971                                                   d) 1973
26) __________ burn on the ground surface, consuming litter as well as the herbaceous and shrubby vegetation of the forest floor.

a) Ground fires                            b) Surface fires                                c) Crown fires                     d) Plank fire


27) ____________ burn treetops as well as low vegetation, usually killing all or almost all above-ground vegetation.
a) Ground fires                            b) Surface fires                                c) Crown fires                     d) Plank fire

28) __________ is a timber-harvesting technique in which only trees of specified size or species are taken, leaving other trees.
       a) Shelter-wood Cutting            b) Selective Cutting
       c) Clear-cutting                           d) Biomass harvesting
29) ________ is a forest harvest technique in which whole trees are chipped and used as fuel or to make pulp.
       a) Shelter-wood Cutting            b) Selective Cutting
       c) Clear-cutting                           d) Biomass harvesting

30) WASA is formed in:

a) 1994                             b) 1995                               c) 1996                                                   d) 1997

31) Public Health Service was established in:

a) 1798                                             b) 1805                                                c) 1808                                                   d) 1810
32) EPA was established in :

a) December 4, 1970         b) December 3, 1970
c) December 2, 1970         d) December 1, 1970

33) Total generation of Solid Wastes in Rawalpindi City is:

a) 703 tons per day       b) 713 tons per day
       c) 723 tons per day       d ) 733 tons per day

34) Specific wt, expressed in material per unit volume, units are:

a) lb/m3                   b) lb/ft3
       c) lb/yd3                 d) lb/in3

35) Lignin content of VS, expressed as a % by _________:


a) Mass                                           b) Volume                                          c) Weight                             d) either (a) and (b)

Environmental Engineering MCQs for Public Service Commission Exam/ All kind of Exams Part 7

Posted date: 8:12 PM / comment : 0


1. Objectives of Internal Water Supply and Sanitary Drainage Systems:

(a) Remove effluent quickly & quietly
(b) Free from blockage, durable and economic
(c) Expected to last as long as the building
(d) All of the above


2. Common types of Sanitary appliances:

(a) Water closets (W.C.), urinal, bidets
(b) Shower and bath
(c) Sink, cleaner’s sink
(d) All of the above



3. Materials Used for Sanitary appliances:
(a) Glazed stoneware
(b)Ceramics
(c) Wood
(d) Both a and b
4.Proper slope of a basin Waste pipe to avoid self siphon age:
(a) 20 mm/m
(b) 15 mm/m
(c) 25 mm/m
(d) 10 mm/m
5. Loss of water seal is related to:

(a) Self-siphon age
(b)   Compression or back pressure
(c)    Both a and b
(d)   None of the above

6. Self-siphon age is caused by:
(a) A moving plug of water in the waste pipe
(b)   Avoided by placing restrictions on lengths and gradients and venting long or steep gradients.
(c)    Both a and b
(d)   None of the above

7. Induced siphon age is caused by:
(a)Caused: discharge from one trap.
(b)Overcame: design of the pipe diameters, junction layouts and venting arrangements.
(c)Both a and b
(d)None of the above

8. Gusts of wind blowing across the top of a stack.
(a) Wavering Out
(b) Evaporation
(c) Capillary Action 
(d) Compression or Back Pressure
9. An underground drain that is allowed to run full causes large pressure fluctuations.
(a) Evaporation
(b) Surcharging
(c) Intercepting Traps
(d) Leakage

10. Where a single-stack system is connected into a drain with an interceptor trap nearby, fluid flow is restricted. Additional stack ventilated is used, known as:
(a) Intercepting Traps
(b) Bends and Offsets
(c) Both a and b
(d) None of the above
11. ……………. can occur through mechanical failure of the joints or the use of a material not suited to the water conditions.
(a) Surcharging
(b) Evaporation
(c) Leakage
(d) Capillary Action 
12. Examples of anti-siphon traps are:
(a) McAlpine trap
(b)Grevak trap
(c)    Econa trap
(d)   All of the above

13. Minimum Depth of Water Seal for bath & showers;
(a) 35 mm
(b) 40 mm
(c) 45 mm
(d) 50 mm

14. Minimum Depth of Water Seal for wash basins:
(a) 35 mm
(b) 40 mm
(c) 45 mm
(d) 50 mm

15. Rule of thumb for vertical stack:
(a)100 mm diameter: up to 750 discharge units
(b)125 mm diameter: up to 2500 discharge units
(c)150 mm diameter: up to 5500 discharge units
(d) All of the above


16. Materials for Sanitary Pipe Work:
(a) Cast iron
(b) Galvanized steel
(c) Copper
(d) All of the above
17. Types of sanitary drainage systems:

(a) Single stack system

(b) Collar boss system

(c) Both a and b
(d) None of the above
18. Vertical stack at 200 mm below the centre of the WC branch connection.

(a) Single stack system

(b) Collar boss system

(c) Both a and b
(d) None of the above
19. The slopes of the branch pipes are: sink and bath, 18 to 19 mm/m; basin 20-120 mm/m; WC 18 mm/m (min.).

(a) Single stack system

(b) Collar boss system

(c) Both a and b
(d) None of the above
20. Loop vent pipe on the basin trap prevent its siphonage when the bath is discharged.
(a) Single stack system

(b) Collar boss system

(c)  Both a and b
(d) None of the above
21. To prevent the loss of trap water sealsà WC branch pipe min. 100 mm bore and the angle θ = 90.5° to 95°.

(a) Single stack system

(b) Collar boss system

(c)  Modified Single Stack System
(d) None of the above
22. The most expensive and in case with widely spaced sanitary appliances.
(a) Single stack system

(b) Collar boss system

(c)  Modified Single Stack System
(d) Two-pipe System
23. Water must pass a ………………before discharging out:
(a) Sump pit
(b) Petrol Interceptor
(c) Grease trap
(d) All of the above
24. Storm-water or rainwater drainage is designed for:
(a)Roofs
(b) gutters
(c) ground drainage
(d) All of the above
25. Rainfall intensity, mm/hr taken as ………………..mm/hr:
(a) 50
(b) 75
(c) 100
(d) 125
26. Ground Impermeability Factor for road pavement:
(a) 0.9
(b) 0.95
(c) 0.75
(d) 0.70
27. Ground Impermeability Factor for Roof:
(a) 0.9
(b) 0.95
(c) 0.75
(d) 0.70
28. Ground Impermeability Factor for Parks or Garden:
(a) 0.9
(b) 0.95
(c) 0.75
(d) 0.25


29.                                                               is known as:

(a) Drain Water Flow Rate
(b) Size of Rain Water Outlet
(c) Chezy Formula
(d) None of the above

 

30.                                                                                      is known as:
(a) Drain Water Flow Rate
(b) Size of Rain Water Outlet
(c) Chezy Formula
(d) Crimp and Bruges Formula

31. Two sets of drains………………………
(a) increases the cost of building drainage.
(b)decrease the cost of building drainage.
(c) always feasible & recommended to provide
(d) decrease the efficiency of drainage

32. Which one of the following is best related to separate drainage system:
(a) Foul air passing through an unsealed rainwater gully trap
(b) Sewage disposal plant is much smaller
(c) The cost of sewage purification is less
(d) All of the above

33. Which one of the following is best related to combined drainage system:
(a) Greater cost of the sewage disposal
(b) No risk of making a wrong connection
(c) Foul water flushed through the drain by the surface water
(d) All of the above


34.  The branch of public health engineering healing with collection, conveyance and disposal of wastage (garbage, sullage, sewage).
(a) Sewerage & Sanitary Engineering
(b) Sewerage Engineering
(c) Sanitary Engineering
(d) All of the above
35. The sewage from residential buildings business centers, institutions, etc. this also contain human body waste (feaces & urine) and also sullage water.
(a) Sanitary Sewage
(b) Domestic Sewage
(c) Industrial Sewage
(d) Both a & b
36. …………….. is that part of surface run off which is flowing in sewer during the rainfall.
(a) Storm Sewage
(b) Sanitary Sewage
(c) Sullage
(d) Both b & c
37. ………… the waste water resulting from personal wasting, bathing, laundry, food preparation and cleaning of utensils.
(a) Storm Sewage
(b) Sanitary Sewage
(c) Sullage
(d) Both b & c
38. …………… is used for dry refuse of town containing organic, inorganic solids, semisolids, combustible, noncombustible, and putrecible and non-putrecible substances.
(a) Garbage
(b) Sanitary Sewage
(c) Sullage
(d) Both b & c
39………………. is the water which has leaked into the sewer from the ground.
(a)    Infiltration
(b)   Exfiltration
(c)    Both a & b
(d)   None of the above
40. ……………………. is the water entering the sewer from surface source through manholes, open cleanouts, perforated manhole cross, and root drain of basement sumps connected to the sewers inflow occurs only during runoff.
(a)    Infiltration
(b)   Exfiltration
(c)    inflow
(d)   Both a & c
41………………… is a pipe or conduit carrying sewage, sewage are usually not flowing full (gravity flow). The full flowing sewers are called fore main as the flow is under pressure.
(a)    Sewer
(b)   Sewage
(c)    None of them
(d)   Both a & b
42. There are …………….. types of sewers.
(a)    3
(b)   2
(c)    1
(d)   4
43……………….. sewer carrying sanitary and industrial sewage excluding storm sewage. It is also some time called separate sewer.
(a)  Continued Sewer
(b) Storm Sewer
(c) Sanitary Sewer
(d) None of them
44. …………..one which carried storm sewage including surface runoff and street wash.
(a)  Continued Sewer
(b) Storm Sewer
(c) Sanitary Sewer
(d) None of them
45. …………………. is the one carrying domestic, industrial and storm sewage all together.
(a)  Continued Sewer
(b) Storm Sewer
(c) Sanitary Sewer
(d) None of them
46…………………. the science and art of collecting, treating and disposing of sewage. There are three systems of sewerage.
(a)    Sewer
(b)   Sewage
(c)    None of them
(d)   Both a & b
47. ....................is the system the sanitary sewerage and storm water are carried separately in two sets of sewers.
(a)  Separate system
(b) Combined system
(c) Partially Combined system
(d) None of them
48. When pumping is required, the system process to be economical. It is best related to:

              (a)  Separate system
(b) Combined system
(c) Partially Combined system
(d) None of them
49. In this system the sewage and storm water are carried all together in only one set of sewers to the wastewater treatment plant before disposal.
             (a)  Separate system
(b) Combined system
(c) Partially Combined system
(d) None of them
50. It is easy to clean combine sewers because of large size. It is best related to:


              (a)  Separate system
(b) Combined system
(c) Partially Combined system
(d) None of them
51. The sewage and storm water of building are carried by one set of sewers while storm water from roads, streets, pavements, etc are carried by other system of sewers usually open drains.
              (a)  Separate system
(b) Combined system
(c) Partially Combined system
(d) None of them
52. The setting is avoided due to entry of storm water. It is best related to:

             (a)  Separate system
(b) Combined system
(c) Partially Combined system
(d) None of them
53. Method of Disposal of Sewage:
(a) Conservancy System / Method or (dry system)
(b)Water Carriage System / method
(c) All of the above
(d) Both a & b

54. …………….. System also called dry system. Different types of wastes / refuses are collected separately and disposed off.
(a) Conservancy System / Method or (dry system)
(b)Water Carriage System / method
(c) All of the above
(d) Both a & b
55. The sludge & storm water are conveyed separately by close and open channel and discharge into natural streams………..
(a) Conservancy System / Method or (dry system)
(b)Water Carriage System / method
(c) All of the above
(d) Both a & b
56. Draw backs of dry system:
(a) In sanitary Condition
(b) Labor problems        
(c)Land requirement
(d) All of the above
57. In this system water is used as a medium to carry wastes to the point of final disposal. The quantity of water is so large (99.9%) that the waste becomes a liquid which is carried by sewers.
(a) Conservancy System / Method or (dry system)
(b)Water Carriage System / method
(c) All of the above
(d) Both a & b
58. It receives discharge from house sewers.
(a)Sub Main Sewer
(b)House Sewer
(c)Lateral Sewer
(d)Main / Trunk Sewer
59. It receive discharge from one or more laterals:
(a)Sub Main Sewer
(b)House Sewer
(c)Lateral Sewer
(d)Main / Trunk Sewer
60. Receive discharge from two or more sub mains:
(a)Sub Main Sewer
(b)House Sewer
(c)Lateral Sewer
(d)Main / Trunk Sewer

61. Pipe conveying sewage from plumbing system of a building to common / municipal sewer.
(a)Sub Main Sewer
(b)House Sewer
(c)Lateral Sewer
(d)Main / Trunk Sewer
62. Receive discharge from all collecting system and convey it to the point of final disposal (e.g. a water body etc.)
(a)Sub Main Sewer
(b)House Sewer
(c)Lateral Sewer
(d)Outfall sewer
63. Period of design is “Indefinite” as the system is designed to cater for the maximum development of the area.
(a) Treatment Works
(b)Disposal works           
(c)Collection Works
(d) All of the above
64. Design period is usually 10 years. Rates of flow required are: average daily, peak and maximum flow rated, including infiltration.
(a) Treatment Works
(b)Disposal works           
(c)Collection Works
(d) All of the above
65. Design period is 15 to 20 years. Flow rate required are average and peak rates both including infiltration.
(a) Treatment Works
(b)Disposal works           
(c)Collection Works
(d) All of the above
66. ………………………….= G.L – Cover over pipe – thickness of pipe – diameter of pipe
(a) Invert Level
(b) Bench Mark
(c) Station level
(d) None of them
67.  M = 1 + 14 / (4 + √P)
(a) Drain Water Flow Rate
(b) Size of Rain Water Outlet
(c) Peak factor Formula
(d) Crimp and Bruges Formula
68.  V = l / n (R) 2/3√S
               (a) Manning's formula
(b) Size of Rain Water Outlet
(c) Peak factor Formula
(d) Crimp and Bruges Formula
69.   C = (41.66 + 1.811/n + 0.00281/S)
              (a) Manning's formula
(b) Kutter’s Formula
(c) Peak factor Formula
(d) Crimp and Bruges Formula
70. The purpose of ...............is to remove large particles of floating or suspended matter so that the pump is not clogged or damaged.
(a) Bar Screens
(b)Screens
(c)Primary Treatment
(d) Secondary Treatment
71. Remove suspended, settle able and floating matters.

(a) Bar Screens
(b)Screens
(c)Primary Treatment
(d) Secondary Treatment
72. Primary Sedimentation Tank is designed on the basis of:
(a) AVERAGE FLOW
(b) MAX. FLOW
(c) MIN. FLOW
(d) TOTAL FLOW
73. A treatment process in which bacteria are kept in suspension by constantly aerating the wastewater e.g. activated sludge process, Aerated Lagoons etc.
(a) Bar Screens
(b) Suspended Growth Process
(c)Primary Treatment
(d) Secondary Treatment
74. Excessive carry over of flocs in the effluent resulting in inefficient operation to find clarifier in referred as............
(a) Bar Screens
(b) Sludge Bulking
(c)Primary Treatment
(d) Secondary Treatment
75. Aeration Devices are:
(a) mechanical aeration
(b) diffused aeration
(c) electrical aeration
(d) Both a & b
76…………………………. utilize a relatively porous bacteria growth medium like ROCK or FORMED PLASTIC SHAPES.

(a) Bar Screens
(b) Trickling filter
(c)Primary filters
(d) Secondary filters
77. Wastewater is applied to the surface and percolates through the filter, flowing over the biological growth in a thin film in a process named as:

(a) Bar Screens
(b) Trickling filter
(c)Primary filters
(d) Secondary filters
78.  Types of Trickling Filters:
(a)Low rate

(b)High rate (mostly used these days)

(c)Both a & b
(d)All of the above
79………………………… provide a useful method of Wastewater treatment and disposal for growing communities where both FUNDS and TRAINED PERSONNEL are in short supply.
(a)    Waste Water Stabilization Ponds (WSP)
(b)   Sludge Bulking
(c)    Primary Treatment
(d)   Secondary Treatment
80. WSP are best solution where:
(a)  Financial resources are limited
(b)  Technical expedite are lacking
(c)   Sufficient land area is available at cheap cost.
(d)All of the above

81.  Le / Li=1/ (1 + Kt)
              (a) Manning's formula
(b) Formula for effluent quality
(c) Peak factor Formula
(d) Crimp and Bruges Formula
82.  S.L=I5T – 50
              (a) Manning's formula
(b) Mara Formula far BOD Loading
(c) Peak factor Formula
(d) Crimp and Bruges Formula
83. Maturation Ponds are used for:
(a)Polishing of Effluent
(b)Removal of Pathogens
(c) Both a & b
(d) None of them

84. Application of Maturation Ponds include:
(a)Primarily used for reduction of PATHOGENS
(b)Removal of organic matter (BOD)
(c) Both a & b
(d) None of them

85. ……………………is a basin in which wastewater is treated on a FLOW THROUGH BASIS.
(a) Bar Screens
(b) Aerated Lagoons
(c)Primary filters
(d) Secondary filters

86. Purpose of Sludge Digestion include:
(a) To reduce the sludge volume for disposal
(b) To reduce the water content of sludge for easy          handling
(c) To recover valuable GAS
(d) All of the above
87. Moisture content of primary sedimentation sludge tank ( raw sludge) is:
(a) 94 – 96 %           
(b) 98.5 – 99.5 %      
(c) 88 – 94 %
(d) 94 – 96 %
88. Moisture content of activated sludge tank ( raw sludge) is
(a) 94 – 96 %           
(b) 98.5 – 99.5 %      
(c) 88 – 94 %
(d) 94 – 96 %
89. Under anaerobic conditions, sludge digestion occurs through the action of groups of  bacteria; that
(a) Methane Forming Bacteria
(b) Acid Forming Bacteria
(c) Ethane forming Bacteria
(d) Both a & b
90………………………… convert complex organic substances                like fats, carbohydrates, proteins etc. present in the                 sludge into simple organic compounds and fatty acids.
(a) Methane Forming Bacteria
(b) Acid Forming Bacteria
(c) Ethane forming Bacteria
(d) Both a & b
91. .............................. form CH4 and CO2 by using acid and NH3 and other products of the first group. They get best in the pH range of 6.5 to 8 and more précising within pH rage of 7.2–7.4.

(a) Methane Forming Bacteria
(b) Acid Forming Bacteria
(c) Ethane forming Bacteria
(d) Both a & b
92. Digester tanks are usually ...............................deep.
(a) 6m to 15m
(b) 7m to 14m
(c) 8m to 16m
(d) 10m to 20m
93. Diameter of the digester may vary from ...................depending upon the capacity.
(a) 6m to 40m
(b) 7m to 14m
(c) 8m to 16m
(d) 10m to 20m

94. The purpose of .........................is to dewatered digested sludge and to further reduce its volume.
(a) sludge drying beds
(b) Aerated Lagoons
(c)Primary filters
(d) Secondary filters
95. Design requirements of sludge drying beds include:
(a)  Area requirement   à 0.2 m2 / person
(b)  Common dimensionsà 10m x 40m
(c)   Minimum no. of units à  2
(d)  All of the above.

96. Design Parameters for Septic Tank:

      (a) Detention Time à 24 – 48 hr
(b)   L: W à 3: 1
(c)    Depth à 1 – 1.5 m
(d)   All of the above.

97. In the absence of any sewage collection system, the effluent from septic tank can be disposed in a........................

(a)    Soakage Pit.

(b) Aerated Lagoons
(c)Primary filters
       (d) Secondary filters
98. Design Parameters of Soakage Pit.

(a)  Bottom above water table = at least 10’
(b)  Away from wells = at least 50’
(c)   Diameter = 6 ‘– 12’
(d)  All of the above.

99. “Whenever there is a planned activity, it will cause some impacts / effects on the environment, the assessment of these impacts is called ....................”
(a) Environmental impact assessment
(b) Environmental Engineering assessment
(c) Environmental Consultation
(d) None of the above.
100. ...................................Refers to flora and fauna of the area, including a specified of trees, gasses, fish, birds. Specific reference should be made to endangered plants and animals.
(a) Cultural Environment
(b) Biological Environment
(c) Physical Environment
(d) None of the above.





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