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AMAZING FACTS

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Psychology

Building Design

  • Environmental requirements
  • Structural requirements
  • Aesthetic requirements
  • Cost constraints
  • Dimensional constraints
  • Statutory requirements
  • Life of the building
  • Manufacturing and erection considerations

WALLS

Walls are the vertical elements of a building which enclose the space within it and which may also divide that space


Functional Requirements

  • strength and stability
  • weather resistance
  • fire resistance
  • thermal insulation
  • sound insulation

Form of Construction

  • Masonry (e.g. brickwalls)
  • Monolithic (e.g. concrete walls)
  • Frame (e.g. timber stud)
  • Membrane (e.g. sandwich)

Strength

Resistance to:
  • stresses set up by its own weight
  • superimposed loads
  • lateral pressure (e.g. wind)

Stability

Resistance to:
  • overturning by lateral force
  • buckling caused by excessive slenderness

PERFORMANCE

Weather Resistance

Provide adequate resistance to rain and wind penetration:
  • adequate thickness [for external walls, minimum 150mm - concrete; 225mm - brickwork]
  • adequate damp proofing means at critical position

Fire Resistance

Walls can act as Fire Barriers to compartmentalise a building so that a fire is confined to a given area.
They can separate specific fire risks within a building to form safe escape routes.

Thermal Insulation

Act as barriers:
  • to prevent heat loss to the environment (in "cool" areas)
  • to prevent heat gain (in "hot" areas)

Sound Insulation

Requirements to prevent airborne sound and impact sound:
  • external walls
  • internal walls (prevention of passage of sound from one space to another)

MATERIALS

Types of Bricks & Blocks

  • Clay bricks
  • Calcium silicate bricks
  • Concrete bricks
  • Clay blocks
  • Dense concrete blocks
  • Aerated (lightweight) concrete blocks

Types of Mortars

  • cement sand mortar
  • cement lime sand
  • cement sand with plasticiser
  • lime and sand

Brickwall Strength


Slenderness Ratio

The slenderness ratio of a wall and the eccentricity of the load will indicate whether the wall will crush or buckle. The greater the slenderness and eccentricity, the sooner buckling will occur.
Slenderness Ratio = (Effective length or height) / Effective width
effective width - least lateral dimension

Effective Length

The effective length or height of a wall depends on how the wall is held at its ends or points of lateral support.

Major Elements in a Building



Relationship Between Foundation and Loading



A Framed Building


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